Woolly Mammoth
How Maternal were Woolly Mammoths?
With the many fossils of Woolly Mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius) and the ancestral type Mammuthus meridionalis, plus the opportunity to observe modern elephant species, scientists have built up a detailed picture of the lives of Woolly Mammoths. Well-preserved frozen carcases from Siberia (northern Russia)and other remarkable finds have enabled researchers to piece together a picture of what it must have been like to be a Mammoth in the Pleistocene, wandering the extensive, grassy plains of northern Europe.
Learning from the Tusks of Prehistoric Elephants
A team of researchers from a faculty of Michigan University has pioneered a method of determining the age of Mammoths at death by analysing cross sections of the tusk. The tusks of elephants once they have been cut in half can reveal the life story of the animal that the tusk belonged to. Growth rings show seasonal differences and the number of rings determines the age of the animal. It seems that Mammoths could live to about the age of sixty, a lifespan slightly shorter than the African and Asian elephants. Like modern elephant species they lived in a sophisticated, highly structured social hierarchy. The females and young animals lived in herds together, with perhaps a matriarch figure, the oldest female in the group acting as leader. Mature bulls lived a solitary existence, coming into contact with females only to mate. Younger males may have formed small herds, gathering together for protection from predators such as Dire wolves and Sabre-tooth cats that shared the environment with these large plant-eaters.